Toward greener and pandemic-proof cities: North American cities policy responses to Covid-19 outbreak
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/7922Keywords:
Covid-19, Urban policies, New York, Mexico City, MontrealAbstract
Starting from the relationship between urban planning and mobility management, TeMA has gradually expanded the view of the covered topics, always following a rigorous scientific in-depth analysis. This section of the Journal, Review Notes, is the expression of a continuous updating of emerging topics concerning relationships among urban planning, mobility and environment, through a collection of short scientific papers. The Review Notes are made of four parts. Each section examines a specific aspect of the broader information storage within the main interests of TeMA Journal. In particular, the Urban practices section aims at presenting recent advancements on relevant topics that underlie the challenges that the cities have to face. The present note provides an overview of the policies and initiatives undertaken in three North American cities in response to the Covid-19 outbreak: New York City (US), Mexico City (MX) and Montreal (CA). A cross-city analysis is used to derive a taxonomy of urban policy measures. The contribution discusses the effectiveness of each measures in providing answers to epidemic threats in urban areas while, at the same time, improving the sustainability and resilience of urban communities.
Downloads
References
Barbarossa, L. (2020). The Post Pandemic City: Challenges and Opportunities for a Non-Motorized Urban Environment. An Overview of Italian Cases. Sustainability, 12(17), 7172. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177172
Carpentieri, G., Guida, C., Fevola, O., & Sgambati, S. (2020). The Covid-19 pandemic from the elderly perspective in urban areas: An evaluation of urban green areas in 10 European capitals. TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 13(3), 389-408. https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/7007
Chiesura, A. (2004). The role of urban parks for the sustainable city. Landscape and urban planning, 68(1), 129-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.08.003
Cotella, G., & Vitale Brovarone, E. (2020). Questioning urbanisation models in the face of Covid-19. TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 105-118. https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/6913
Desai, D. (2020). Urban Densities and the Covid-19 Pandemic: Upending the Sustainability Myth of Global Megacities. Observer Research Foundation. ISBN: 978-93-90159-00-0. Available at: https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/ORF_OccasionalPaper_244_PandemicUrbanDensities.pdf. Last accessed: 05 March 2021.
Frank, L. D., Sallis, J. F., Conway, T. L., Chapman, J. E., Saelens, B. E., & Bachman, W. (2006). Many pathways from land use to health: associations between neighborhood walkability and active transportation, body mass index, and air quality. Journal of the American Planning Association, 72(1), 75-87. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944360608976725
Jaramillo Molina, M.E. (2021). The pandemic against the poor: Mexico City and COVID-19. Available at: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2021/03/02/the-pandemic-against-the-poor-mexico-city-and-covid-19/. Last accessed: 05 March 2021. Last accessed: 05 March 2021.
Ison, S., & Shaw, J. (2012). Cycling and sustainability. Emerald Group Publishing. ISBN: 978-1-78052-298-2.
Gobierno de la Ciudad de Mexico (2020). Plan de Reactivación Económica para el Bienestar. Available at: https://www.finanzas.cdmx.gob.mx/comunicacion/nota/plan-de-reactivacion-economica-para-el-bienestar. Last accessed: 05 March 2021.
Guida, C., & Carpentieri, G. (2020). Quality of life in the urban environment and primary health services for the elderly during the Covid-19 pandemic: An application to the city of Milan (Italy). Cities, 103038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.103038
Lai, S., Leone, F., & Zoppi, C. (2020). Covid-19 and spatial planning. TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 231-246. https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/684
Li, W., Joh, K., Lee, C., Kim, J. H., Park, H., & Woo, A. (2014). From car-dependent neighborhoods to walkers’ paradise: Estimating walkability premiums in the condominium housing market. Transportation Research Record, 2453(1), 162-170. https://doi.org/10.3141/2453-20
Megahed, N. A., & Ghoneim, E. M. (2020). Antivirus-built environment: Lessons learned from Covid-19 pandemic. Sustainable Cities and Society, 102350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102350
Morawska, L., & Cao, J. (2020). Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2: The world should face the reality. Environment International, 105730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105730
Neiderud, C.-J (2015). How urbanization affects the epidemiology of emerging infectious diseases. Infect. Ecol.Epidemiol. 2015, 5, 27060. https://doi.org/10.3402/iee.v5.27060
New York City – Office of the Major (2020). Recovery for All. Available at: https://recoveryforall.nyc.gov/. Last accessed: 05 March 2021.
Nobajas, A., i Casas, J. G., i Agusti, D. P., & Peacock, A. J. (2020). Lack of sufficient public space can limit the effectiveness of Covid-19's social distancing measures. medRxiv. Available at: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.07.20124982v2
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2020a). OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19). Cities policy responses. Available at: http://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/cities-policy-responses-fd1053ff/. Last accessed: 05 March 2021.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2020b). Skill measures to mobilise the workforce during the COVID-19 crisis. Available at: http://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/skill-measures-to-mobilise-the-workforce-during-the-covid-19-crisis-afd33a65/. Last accessed: 05 March 2021.
Papa, E., Carpentieri, G., & Guida, C. (2018). Measuring walking accessibility to public transport for the elderly: the case of Naples. TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 105-116. https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/5766
Parrott, J.A. (2021). New York City’s Covid-19 Economy will not Snap Back. Available at: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/53ee4f0be4b015b9c3690d84/t/6026c0746c5e057118e2c15a/1613152379026/CNYCAEconReport021221.pdf. Last accessed: 05 March 2021.
Pierantoni, I., Pierantozzi, M., & Sargolini, M. (2020). COVID 19—A Qualitative Review for the Reorganization of Human Living Environments. Applied Sciences, 10(16), 5576.
Pinheiro, M. D., & Luís, N. C. (2020). COVID-19 could leverage a sustainable built environment. Sustainability, 12(14), 5863. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145863.
Pisano, C. (2020). Strategies for Post-COVID Cities: An Insight to Paris En Commun and Milano 2020. Sustainability, 12(15), 5883. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12155883.
Razani, N., Radhakrishna, R., & Chan, C. (2020). Public lands are essential to public health during a pandemic. Pediatrics, 146(2):e2020127.
Sharifi, A., & Khavarian-Garmsir, A. R. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic: Impacts on cities and major lessons for urban planning, design, and management. Science of the Total Environment, 142391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142391.
Template: COVID-19 pandemic data. (2020 August 6). In Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data. Last accessed: 05 March 2021.
UN – United Nation (2020). Policy Brief: COVID-19 in an Urban World. Available at: https://unsdg.un.org/resources/policy-brief-covid-19-urban-world. Last accessed: 05 March 2021.
UCCN - UNESCO Creative Cities Network (2020). Cities' Response to COVID-19. Available at: https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/. Last accessed: 05 March 2021.
Ville de Montréal (2020). Une Impulsion pour la Métropole :Agir Maintenant. Available at : https://res.cloudinary.com/villemontreal/image/upload/v1592400391/portail/czh9vyp17ajy5qmdetee.pdf. Last accessed: 05 March 2021.
WHO – World Health Organization. Strengthening Preparedness for COVID-19 in Cities and Urban Settings. Available at: https://www.who.int/teams/risk-communication/cities-and-local-governments. Last accessed: 05 March 2021.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following:
1. Authors retain the rights to their work and give in to the journal the right of first publication of the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons License - Attribution that allows others to share the work indicating the authorship and the initial publication in this journal.
2. Authors can adhere to other agreements of non-exclusive license for the distribution of the published version of the work (ex. To deposit it in an institutional repository or to publish it in a monography), provided to indicate that the document was first published in this journal.
3. Authors can distribute their work online (ex. In institutional repositories or in their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges and it can increase the quotations of the published work (See The Effect of Open Access)