The Adapting city. Resilience through water design in Rotterdam
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/5402Keywords:
Resilience, Urban Design, Vulnerable city, Delta city.Abstract
The Netherlands is a fragile and vulnerable land; dutch landscape consists of a dense network of polders characterized by key elements such as dams, windmills and farms; it is a unique landscape but, at the same time, is very fragile and constantly changing; spatial planning is very important, just as important is the resilience of the system and its adaptation to climate change. Rotterdam is a delta city and, in a period of heavy climate change, it will experiment more extreme weather conditions, such as heavier rainstorms, longer periods of drought and more heat waves, as well as higher water levels in the river Meuse; so is important to know that it is a deep vulnerable city and need right strategies to overcome the problem and to be adapted to conseguences of climate change. Resilience has been under the attention of the municipality for about fifteen years; Rotterdam is the inspiring example to other delta cities around the world going through a sustainability approach; as a green city is an attractive and resilient city where people love to live, work and relax; sustainability is an integral part of all area development projects in Rotterdam; sustainable areas are future-proof areas with good living conditions. In Rotterdam, architects and urban designers are finally responding to the threats of rising sea levels by "welcoming the water" into city, so the waterscape is becoming a new paradigm of spatial planning; Rotterdam is striving to become a climate proof city that will be safe and attractive to inhabitants, visitors and businesses, and will remain so in the future. A healthy delta city in which it is pleasant to live, work and spend leisure time.Downloads
References
Bokern A., (2014). Flood Tactics. Water square in Rotterdam by De Urbanisten, Uncube Magazine, 05 June 2014, Rotterdam. Available at http://www.uncubemagazine.com/blog/13323459.
City of Rotterdam (2010). Deltas in Times of Climate Change, Rotterdam, 2010. Available at www.climatedeltaconference2014.org/rotterdam/rotterdam.
City of Rotterdam (2014). Making sustainability a way of life for Rotterdam. Rotterdam Programme on Sustainability and Climate Change 2015-2018. Available at www.rotterdamclimateinitiative.nl.
City of Rotterdam (2013). Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy, 2013. Available at www.rotterdamclimateinitiative.nl.
City of Rotterdam (2010). Rotterdam, city with a future. How to build a child friendly city, 2010. Available at www.robedrijf.nl.
City of Rotterdam (2016). Rotterdam resilient strategy. Ready for the 21st Century. Available at www.100resilientcities.org/wp.../strategy-resilient-rotterdam.pdf
City of Rotterdam (2008). Rotterdam Urban Vision: Spatial Development Strategy 2030. Available at ec.europa.eu/.../citiesoftomorrow/citiesoftomorrow_final.pdf.
Deakin, M. (2013). Smart Cities: Governing, Modelling and Analysing the Transition; Routledge: Oxon, UK, 2013. ISBN 9780415658195
Delta Commissie (2008). Working together with water. A living land builds for its future, Hollandia Printing. The Netherlands. Available at www.deltacommissie.com/doc/deltareport_full.pdf.
Eger J. M. (2009). Smart Growth, Smart Cities, and the Crisis at the Pump A Worldwide Phenomenon. I-WAYS – The Journal of E-Government Policy and Regulation. Volume 32 Issue 1, January 2009.
EU (2011). Cities of tomorrow. Challenges, visions, ways forward. European Union, 2011. ISBN: 978-92-79-21307-6. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2776/41803.
Galderisi, A., Ferrara, F.F. (2012). Enhancing Urban Resilience In Face Of Climate Change, TeMa, Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment. Vol. 2, 69-87. doi:http://dx.doi.org/ 10.6092/1970-9870/936
Hollands, R. (2008). Will the real smart city please stand up? City, 12, 302–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13604810802479126
Kimmelman M., (2017). The Dutch Have Solutions to Rising Seas. The World Is Watching. The New York Times, June 15, 2017. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/06/15/world/europe/climate-change-rotterdam.html.
International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (2007). Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters; Extract from the Final Report of the World Conference on Disaster Reduction, 18–22 January 2005, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan; United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR): Geneva, Switzerland.
Legambiente (2016). The Italian cities to the challenge of climate - change impacts and adaptation policies. Available at http://www.ecolifestyles.eu/en/news/italian-cities-challenge-climate-presentation-dossier-tuesday-february-9-2016-Rome.
Meyer H. (2003). City and Port: The Transformation of Port Cities: London, Barcelona, New York and Rotterdam, International Books, Utrecht, ISBN 10: 905727020X.
Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment (2017). Delta Programme 2018. Continuing the work on a sustainable and safe delta, Amsterdam, September 2017. Available at ruimtelijkeadaptatie.nl/publish/.../dp2018_en_printversie.pdf
Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment and Ministry of Economic Affairs (2014). National Water Plan 2016-2021, The Hague, The Netherlands, December 2014. Available at https://www.government.nl/documents/policy-notes/2015/12/14/national-water-plan-2016-2021.
Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and Environment VROM, (2001). What people want, where people live. Housing in the 21st century, The Hague, 2001.
Moraci F., Fazia C. (2013). Le città smart e le sfide della sostenibilità. TeMA Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, Vol. 6, n. 1, pp 35-45. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.6092/1970‐9870/1459.
Newman P., Beatley T., Boyer H. (2009). Resilient Cities: Responding to Peak Oil and Climate Change. Island Press, 2009. ISBN 1597268631.
Rijkswaterstaat (2011). Water Management in The Netherlands, Den Haag, February 2011. Available at https://staticresources.rijkswaterstaat.nl.
Rockefeller Foundation (2015). Available at: http://www.100resilientcities.org/cities#/-_/.
Sennet R. (2014). Why climate change should signal the end of the city-state. The Guardian, 2014, 9th october. Available at https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/oct/09/why-climate-change-should-signal-the-end-of-the-city-state.
Swart, R.J.; Singh, T. (2013). MEDIATION and the Adaptation Challenge: Identifying Appropriate Methods and Tools to Support Climate Change Adaptation Decision Making; Wageningen UR: Wageningen, The Netherlands.
United States Environmental Protection Agency, EPA, (2017). Evaluating Urban Resilience to Climate Change: A Multi-Sector Approach. 2017. Available online: www.epa.gov/research (accessed on 18 December 2017).
van Oostrom, M. (2001). What people want, where people live: New housing policy in the Netherlands; Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, Kluwer Academic Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012593716604 ISSN 1566-4910. Available at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A%3A1012593716604

Downloads
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following:
1. Authors retain the rights to their work and give in to the journal the right of first publication of the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons License - Attribution that allows others to share the work indicating the authorship and the initial publication in this journal.
2. Authors can adhere to other agreements of non-exclusive license for the distribution of the published version of the work (ex. To deposit it in an institutional repository or to publish it in a monography), provided to indicate that the document was first published in this journal.
3. Authors can distribute their work online (ex. In institutional repositories or in their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges and it can increase the quotations of the published work (See The Effect of Open Access)